ABSTRACT
The
proximate and phytochemical analysis of Azadirachta
indica was investigated. The bark and the leaves were first extracted by
using both aqueous and ethanol solutions. Proximate analysis showed the leaves
to contain 84.50
0.1 Moisture, 2.52
0.02 Ash, 4.61
0.01 Protein, 0.062
0.02 Fat, 2.64
0.01 Fibre, 89.53
0.02 Carbohydrate, while the bark contained
49.50
Moisture, 7.10
0.1 Ash, 3.30
0.1 Protein, 0.81
0.01 Fat, 6.65
0.02 Fiber and 81.9
0.01 Carbohydrate. Phytochemical screening
showed very strong presence of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Reducing
compounds and Polyphenol in both aqueous and ethanol extract of the leaves
while the bark showed appreciable presence of Alkaloids, Reducing compounds and
Polyphenol in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. Tannins, Phlobatanin Anthraquinones
and Hydroxymethyl anthraquinones are absent in the bark of the plant while the
leaves do not contain Phlobatanin, Anthraquinones, Hydroxymethyl anthraquinones
in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. Saponins were also discovered to be
absent in ethanol extracts of both the leaves and bark of the plant. It is
discovered that these compounds are present in both the leaves and the bark
hence their combined use in traditional remedies with same therapeutics effects
in treatment of malaria and other ailments.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgements - - - - - - - iv
Abstract - - - - - - - - - v
Table
of contents - - - - - - - - vi
List of tables - - - - - - - - ix
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study - - - - - 1
1.2
Description and uses of
Azadirachta indica. - - 4
1.3
Justification - - - - - - - 7
1.4
Aims and objectives. - - - - - - 8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Pharmacological importance of phytochemical
compounds
in plants - - - - - - 9
2.1.2
Flavonoids - - - - - - - 11
2.1.3 Alkaloids - - - - - - - 12
2.1.4 Saponins - - - - - - - - 14
2.1.5 Tannins - - - - - - - - 15
2.1.6 Digitalis
glycosides - - - - - - 17
2.2 Proximate composition of plants - - - - 19
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Collection
and identification of plant materials - - 22
3.2 Preparation
of plant materials - - - - 22
3.2.1 Preparation
of alcoholic plant extract - - - 22
3.2.2 Preparation
of aqueous plant extract - - - 23
3.3 Experimental
procedures - - - - - 23
3.3.1 Test
for alkaloids (Sofowora, 1993) - - - 23
3.3.2 Test for glycosides (Sofowora, 1993) - - - 23
3.3.3 Test
for tannins (Trease and Evans, 1989) - 24
3.3.4 Test
for saponins (Sofowora, 1984) Frothing test - 24
3.3.5 Test
for flavonoids (Guilei, 1982) - - - - 24
3.3.6 Test
for reducing sugar (Guilei, 1982) Fehling’s test - 25
3.3.7 Test
for polyphenol (Guilei, 1982) - - - - 25
3.3.8
Test for phlobatanin (Trease and Evans, 1982) - - 25
3.3.9 Test
for anthraquinones (Trease and Evans, 1982) - 25
3.3.10 Test
for hydroxymethyl anthraquinones (Guilei, 1988) 26
3.4 Proximate
composition analysis - - - - 26
3.4.1 Carbohydrate
content (A. O. A. C., 1990) - - 26
3.4.2 Crude
protein (A. O. A. C., 1990) - - - - 26
3.4.3 Crude
fat (A. O. A. C., 1990) - - - - 27
3.4.4
Crude fibre (A. O. A. C., 1990) - - - - 27
3.4.5 Ash
content (A. O. A. C., 1990) - - - - 28
3.4.6 Moisture content (A. O. A. C., 1990) - - - 28
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results - - - - - - - - 29
4.1.1 Phytochemical screening of Azadirachta indica - - 29
4.1.2 Proximate
composition of bark and leaves of
Azadirachta indica - - - - - - 29
4.2 Discussion of findings - - - - - 35
CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary and conclusion - - - - - - 37
5.2 Recommendations - - - - - - - 38
REFERENCES - - - - - - - 39
APPENDICES - - - - - - - 45
No comments:
Post a Comment